Flooding and structural forensic analysis of the sinking of the RMS Titanic

Methodology:

• Flooding Analysis: Detailed computer models were developed using GHSTM software to simulate the flooding process. The analysis included the development of a hydrostatics model and a progressive flooding model.
• Structural Analysis: Finite-element models were created using MAESTROTM software to conduct stress and hull failure analyses. The study utilized both traditional beam-bending methods and modern finite-element analysis.

Findings

• Flooding Sequence: The study identified the sequence and rate of flooding in various compartments of the Titanic, highlighting the rapid initial flooding and subsequent progressive flooding.
• Structural Failure: The analysis revealed high-stress areas and potential failure points in the hull structure, particularly in the double-bottom structure and the upper decks. The study also discussed the impact of riveted joints on the structural integrity.

Challenges

The study faced challenges in accurately modeling the flooding and structural failure due to uncertainties in compartment permeability values and survivor testimonies. The complexity of riveted construction also added to the difficulty in predicting structural failure.

Lessons Learned

The study emphasized the importance of understanding the limitations and uncertainties in forensic analysis, the need for detailed technical knowledge of computer tools, and the value of iterative validation with software vendors.

Applications

The findings and methodologies from this study are applicable to future marine forensic analyses, providing insights into the sinking of ships and the structural integrity of marine vessels.